Publications

Abstract This overview chapter encompasses the main underpinning themes of research and development (R&D) of universities around the world. Our observations and opinions apply equally to public-sector university-linked research institutes that conduct mainly original research as opposed to policy research. After an Introduction that includes defining the terms used in the chapter and scoping the topic, the main 13 sections of the chapter cover (a) R&D as a fundamental feature of human development reflecting the inherent curiosity of humans and their ability to learn and implement their knowledge. (b) The rationale for modern governments to invest in R&D, referring to the New Growth Theory and meeting the needs of modern societies. (c) The rationale for private-sector organisations to invest in R&D to ensure their long-term sustainability and competitiveness. (d) The various definitions and concepts of R&D. and Research & Experimental Development. (e) The roles and implications of the rapidly expanding number of transformative technologies that are not only profoundly transforming virtually all R&D but also the operation of modern societies including universities. (f) The need for specialist facilities, staffing, and learned societies for R&D to thrive. (g) The importance of international collaboration. (h) Funding sources for R&D. (i) The actuality of academic R&D, including both good practice and deleterious effects of poor management. (j) The pivotal wide-ranging roles of governments. (k) Impediments to successful R&D in both the public and private sectors. (l) Geopolitical aspects of R&D, and (m) Future of R&D. The Conclusions Section considers recommendations on R&D policies for the Arab world as well as for developing economies based on our global analysis of R&D.