Climate change is one of the most prominent environmental concerns, with extensive impacts on ecosystems, biodiversity, and agricultural systems globally. As the dominant producers, plants are very sensitive to changes in temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric CO2 levels. This review addresses the major effects of climate change on plant physiology, habit, distribution, and crop yields. Phenology is influenced by increased temperatures, altered CO2 levels, pollination synchrony, and seed yield. While increased CO2 can temporarily enhance photosynthesis, it often dilutes nutrients-reducing protein and mineral content in major crops and increasing the risk of malnutrition. Climate change also makes plants more susceptible to diseases and pests, resulting in increased pesticide use and pollution risks. Extreme weather conditions such as droughts and floods destroy soil quality and crop yields while enabling the spread of alien species and new plant diseases. These dynamics collectively undermine food security and safety. The review also briefly mentions impacts on medicinal plants, whose phytochemical properties are altered under climate stress and threaten traditional health systems. Adaptive strategies such as crop improvement, agro-ecological practices, and conservation programs are essential to ensure resilience and sustainability in plant ecosystems and agriculture.